GA-BW based HMM in Brain Image Segmentation

Image segmentation is an important preprocessing step in a sophisticated and complex image processing algorithm. In segmenting real-world images, the cost of misclassification could depend on the true class. For example, in a two-class (negative or positive class) problem, the cost of misclassifying positive to negative class could not be equal to that of misclassifying negative to positive class. However, existing algorithms do not take into account the unequal misclassification cost. Here, we introduce a procedure to minimize the misclassification cost with class-dependent cost. The procedure assumes the hidden Markov model (HMM) which has been popularly used for image segmentation in recent years. In this proposed method   Baum-Welch (B-W) Algorithm is used to calculate the HMM model parameters. However, the  B-W  algorithm  uses  an  initial  random  guess  of  the  parameters,  therefore, after  convergence the output tends  to be close to this  initial value of the  algorithm,  which  is  not necessarily  the  global  optimum  of the  model  parameters.  To achieve an optimum result   Genetic  Algorithm (GA)  combined with Baum-Welch  (GA-BW)  is  proposed   and the  idea  is to  use  GA  exploration  ability  to  obtain  the  optimal  parameters  within  the solution space. By using this proposed method, brain tumor region and non tumor region is segmented and classified within the state of art.

GA-BW based HMM in Brain Image Segmentation

Image segmentation is an important preprocessing step in a sophisticated and complex image processing algorithm. In segmenting real-world images, the cost of misclassification could depend on the true class. For example, in a two-class (negative or positive class) problem, the cost of misclassifying positive to negative class could not be equal to that of misclassifying negative to positive class. However, existing algorithms do not take into account the unequal misclassification cost. Here, we introduce a procedure to minimize the misclassification cost with class-dependent cost. The procedure assumes the hidden Markov model (HMM) which has been popularly used for image segmentation in recent years. In this proposed method   Baum-Welch (B-W) Algorithm is used to calculate the HMM model parameters. However, the  B-W  algorithm  uses  an  initial  random  guess  of  the  parameters,  therefore, after  convergence the output tends  to be close to this  initial value of the  algorithm,  which  is  not necessarily  the  global  optimum  of the  model  parameters.  To achieve an optimum result   Genetic  Algorithm (GA)  combined with Baum-Welch  (GA-BW)  is  proposed   and the  idea  is to  use  GA  exploration  ability  to  obtain  the  optimal  parameters  within  the solution space. By using this proposed method, brain tumor region and non tumor region is segmented and classified within the state of art.

STUDY ON RISK FACTORS, CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC PROFILE OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE PATIENTS IN GOVERNMENT GENERAL HOSPITAL

Objective: This study mainly aims to assess and evaluate risk factors, clinical and therapeutical profile in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and promote rational drug therapy; to identify the prevalence of COPD symptoms and to assess the drugs prescribed in treating COPD patients; and to evaluate patterns of diagnosing COPD in patients and determine the severity of COPD in patients using COPD assessment test (CAT). Methods: A prospective observational study conducted in government general hospital among 220 patients for 6 months. Data were collected from patients by CAT questionnaire through interviewing each subject. Results: The majority of the patients (36%) were in the age group of 71–80 years. Males are more prone to the COPD (91%). Most common initiation interdependence of these habits are 31–40 years and 61.8% are suffering with comorbidities. A total of 145 (65%) have social habits. About 68% of the patients are suffering from occupational exposure, 78% of the patients are suffering from old pulmonary problems. Conclusion: Clinical pharmacist main provision is providing care to individual patients by patient counseling, regarding the rational usage of drug and also providing proper education regarding the usage of nebulizers and creating awareness to the patients

APTAMER: A REVIEW ON IT’S IN VITRO SELECTION AND DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

In recent year, Aptamer has been one of the key tools in the field of advanced drug delivery systems. Aptamer are oligonucleotides or peptides that bind to a specific target molecule. In this review we summarize the major differences between the antibody and an Aptamer along with the different methodology of the In vitro selection of the Aptamer by using SELEX (Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) technique. SELEX is a technique which has a based biosensor and some of the novel drug delivery system. The article referred in this review was referred from the above said source was in the range of 1990-2020 y. Primary contents is searched from science direct, springer nature, scopus indexed journals. The resources are downloaded from google scholar, peer-reviewed published literature from scientific journals and books

Industry 4.0 Benefits, Challenges, Critical Success Factors: Comparative analysis through the lens of Resource Dependence Theory across continents and economies

Purpose: As we enter a new era of digital transformation, Industry 4.0 promises to revolutionize the way we do business, providing unprecedented opportunities and challenges. This study aims to investigate empirically and comparatively analyse the benefits, challenges, and critical success factors of Industry 4.0 (I 4.0) across four continents and developing and developed economies. Methodology: This study employed an online survey to explore the benefits, challenges, and critical success factors of developed and developing economies. In order to ensure the validity of the survey, a pilot test was conducted with 10 respondents. A total of 149 participants with senior managerial, vice-presidential, and directorial positions from developed and developing economies spanning four continents were invited to take part in the survey. Findings: The study ranks benefits, challenges and CSFs across economies and continents. Further, the benefit of Industry 4.0 helping to achieve organizational efficiency and agility differed across the developing and developed economies. Further, the benefit improves customer satisfaction significantly differed across continents; in terms of challenges, Employee resistance to change had a higher proportion in developing economies. Future viability of Industry 4.0 also differed across the continents. Regarding CSFs, there was no difference across the developing and developed economies. Finally, change management and project management vary across the continents. Implications: This study contributes to a balanced understanding of Industry 4.0 by providing empirical evidence for a comparative analysis. Moreover, it extends the concept of Resource- Dependent Theory (RDT) to explain how organizations in developing economies and developed economies deploy resources to manage external condition uncertainties to implement Industry 4.0. Furthermore, this study provides a structural framework to understand the specific benefits, challenges, and critical success factors of implementing Industry 4.0, which can be utilized by policymakers to promote Industry 4.0 in their economies or continents. Originality of Value: As far as our knowledge goes, no studies have empirically demonstrated the comparative analysis of benefits, challenges and CSFs across economies and continents and distinguish an original contribution of our work

SOMES: A REVIEW ON COMPOSITION, FORMULATION METHODS AND EVALUATIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF “SOMES” DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Many drugs are available in the market for several diseases, disorder or even for a condition, but it is difficult to select a suitable carrier to attain maximum bioavailability and potential for a potent drug. Attaining a controlled and sustained release of a drug is purely focused on the selection of a carrier (natural, synthetic and hybrid) like nanosomes. Nanosomes have become a prominent tool in the field of pharmacy. Nanosomes are small uniform structures which deliver the drug to the specific targeted site, which mainly depends upon the presence of ligands, shape, size and surface chemistry. Nanosomes are available in various types which include Niosomes, Liposomes, Electrosomes, Aquasomes, Transfersomes, Phytosomes, Enzymosomes, Ethosomes, Invasome and Sphingosomes. In general, all these nanosomes are quite similar in nature with minute differences in their vesicular characteristics and composition. This review traces various ‘somes’ composition and their role in the formulation, applications, advantages, disadvantages, common formulation procedures and evaluation parameters

Consumer satisfaction about hospital services: A study from the outpatient department of a private medical college hospital at Mangalore

<b>Background:</b> Consumer satisfaction is an important parameter for assessing the quality of patient care services. There is a need to assess the health care systems regarding the consumer satisfaction as often as possible. <b> Objectives:</b> To assess the consumer satisfaction regarding the services provided in our outpatient department in terms of clinical care, availability of services, waiting time, and cost. <b> Materials and Methods:</b> A 27-item pre-tested questionnaire was given to 100 patients (caretakers in pediatric patients) at the end of their O.P.D visit from 3 to 4 pm for 5 days from November 7, 2005 to November 11, 2005. The items in the questionnaire referred to particulars of the patients such as age, sex, occupation, department requested, lab, and medical stores. While analyzing, they were grouped into categories like availability, clinical care, waiting time, and cost. The responses were expressed in proportions. <b> Results:</b> The availability of services and clinical care was found to be satisfactory. 81&#x0025; of the respondents found the communication by the doctor good, 97&#x0025; of the respondents were satisfied about the explanation of the disease by the doctor The average time required for consulting the doctor was 46.5 &#x00B1; 20.9 min. But when time spent in pharmacy was considered, it was not significantly satisfactory. The cost of investigation was significantly moderate or high in 97&#x0025; of the respondents. <b> Conclusions:</b> Recommendations are required for reduction of time spent in the pharmacy and the cost of investigations to improve consumer satisfaction